So...the section on JOINS which consist of a bunch of records in the example which are never created by the reader (page 208 for example) are magically created out of nothing? I think you forgot something major there. If the respondent is the author of the book (as is assumed by many) I'll state this plainly for you. Examples in learning material should ONLY be done with tools available. In other words, your examples should not consist of records which the reader would not actually have. It is similar to expecting you to be able to properly upgrade a laptop's hard drive if the only tool you have available is a hammer. (It isn't going to work no matter how hard you smack it with the hammer.)