I hadn't read about sticky forms yet. But I wonder about line 9 on page 222 which uses print '<h2> etc. It seems that if you're running a <?php program that you have to use PRINT to create a line whereas with HTML5 you could just use the tag having been statically formatted and not have to print it. For example, with the FORM in Script 8.9 apparently you don't have to use PRINT within a form. Be that as it may, in line 63 you begin using "print htmlspecialchars". That's to avoid hacking. But there are other PHP routines to validate data also. It seems they could all be put into a function instead of cramming them into one line (which really makes PHP inelegant). However, once the validating function is run you'd probably need JavaScript to getElementById to put the results in an <input> field. I was hoping there was a straightforward way to execute validation methods and then use jQuery to place the results in static HTML fields already formatted instead of printing long lines of complicated syntax which are hard to program and not very good documentation. I can only conclude that ASP.Net would be much more user friendly with its formatted page and codebehind file than PHP's cramming it all into one line and then having to print it.