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I'm having trouble understanding/linking the code example to the diagram and definition for the Factory Pattern. abstract class Shape { ... } class Rectangle extends Shape { ... } class Triangle extends Shape { ... } abstract class ShapeFactory { static function Create($type, array $sizes) { switch ($type) { case 'rectangle': return new Rectangle($sizes[0], $sizes[1]); break; case 'triangle': return new Triangle($sizes[0], $sizes[1], $sizes[2]); break; } } } $obj = ShapeFactory::Create($_GET['shape'], $_GET['dimensions']); Must be having an off day because I'm not seeing how the abstract factory class is being extended in the code example. I was unable to find any information in the book explaining the solid arrows or the term concrete, can anyone point me to the right pages, I must be going blind :/ Any help greatly appreciated. edit: ok I think I understand why there was confusion. The UML diagram used in the book is representative of the second reason/example given for using the factory pattern (where a base factory class is extended) but the code example references the first reason given for using a factory class and there is no UML diagram for this.